Antioxidantes

#ideas

The causes of increased ROS production include endogenous reasons (inflammation, elevation in O2 concentration, and increased mitochondrial leakage) and exogenous (environmental pollution, strenuous exercise, smoking, nutrition, chronic inflammation, psychological and emotional stress, and others) [1].

In physiological conditions, the balance between prooxidant and antioxidant substances is kept slightly in favor of prooxidant products, thus favoring a mild oxidative stress. Slight pro-oxidative balance is necessary for optimal immune system and cell signaling processes. This creates a need for a second category of endogenous antioxidant defense system, which removes or repairs damaged biomolecules before they accumulate and result in altered cell metabolism and permanent damage [1].

The antioxidants, like vitamin C and E, carotenoids, and polyphenols (e.g., flavonoids), are presently considered to be the main exogenous antioxidants [1].

Dosing cells with exogenous antioxidants may decrease the rate of synthesis or uptake of endogenous antioxidants, so that the total “cell antioxidant potential” remains unaltered. Cutler [49, 50] introduced “The oxidative stress compensation model” to explain why dietary supplements of antioxidants have minimal effect on longevity. In contrast, antioxidant supplements do appear to be effective in lowering an individual’s oxidative stress if his/her initial oxidative stress is above normal or above his/her set point of regulation [1].

A complex mix of substances in fruits and vegetables may contribute to improved cardiovascular health and decreased incidence of cancer in individuals who consume more of these foods. Contrary, many clinical trials in which individuals received one or more synthetic antioxidants failed to prove their benefits (quizás sean útiles en situaciones anormales de estrés oxidativo) [1].

The reference values for typical oxidative stress status of an individual are not established so far and oxidative stress is difficult and expensive to measure [1].

Canas como medidor de estrés oxidativo: oxidative stress is a key factor in triggering a cascade of events leading to a loss of hair pigmentation [2, 3].

Suggesting a new RDA of 120 mg vitamin C / day [4].

The recommended intake of polyphenols, promoting good functioning of the body, is estimated at 250-500 mg/day (SIKORA et al., 2008). A population of elderly Japanese (mostly men) consumed 1492 mg/day of polyphenols on average, and coffee and green tea were the largest sources of polyphenols in their daily life (TAGUCHI et al., 2015) [5].

Apart from athletes training at altitude and those looking for an immediate, short-term performance enhancement, supplementation with vitamin E does not appear to be beneficial. Given that antioxidant supplements (e.g., vitamin E and C) tend to block anabolic signaling pathways, and thus, impair adaptations to resistance training, special caution should be taken with these supplements [6].

Contracting skeletal muscles produce free radicals and that long term and intense exercise can lead to oxidative damage to cellular compounds and also contribute to muscular fatigue. No hay evidencia clara del consumo de antioxidantes para mejorar el rendimiento [7].

The carob seeds showed the highest antioxidant potential by cupper reduction assay—15.71 mM Trolox® equivalent/g dry weight [8].

During the production of carob powder, kibbling of carob pods is followed by roasting. After removing the seeds, pods were kibbled, milled and roasted. Radical scavenging activity in soluble fractions was significantly increased during roasting ranging from 20.87 mg TE/g in native carob up to 36.46 mg TE/g in sample roasted at 130 °C for 30 min [9].

Referencias

1. POLJSAK, Borut, et al. Achieving the balance between ROS and antioxidants: when to use the synthetic antioxidants. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2013, vol. 2013.

2. DE TOLLENAERE, Morgane, et al. Global repigmentation strategy of grey hair follicles by targeting oxidative stress and stem cells protection. Applied Sciences, 2021, vol. 11, no 4, p. 1533.

3. O'SULLIVAN, James DB, et al. The biology of human hair greying. Biological Reviews, 2021, vol. 96, no 1, p. 107-128.

4. CARR, Anitra C.; FREI, Balz. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1999, vol. 69, no 6, p. 1086-1107.

5. FRĄCZEK, B., et al. Antioxidant activity as well as vitamin C and polyphenol content in the diet for athletes. Italian Journal of Food Science, 2019, vol. 31, no 4.

6. HIGGINS, Madalyn Riley; IZADI, Azimeh; KAVIANI, Mojtaba. Antioxidants and exercise performance: with a focus on vitamin E and C supplementation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, vol. 17, no 22, p. 8452.

7. 2015 review: BRAAKHUIS, Andrea J.; HOPKINS, Will G. Impact of dietary antioxidants on sport performance: a review. Sports Medicine, 2015, vol. 45, p. 939-955.

8. FIDAN, Hafize, et al. Evaluation of chemical composition, antioxidant potential and functional properties of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seeds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020, vol. 57, p. 2404-2413.

9. ČEPO, Dubravka Vitali, et al. Optimization of roasting conditions as an useful approach for increasing antioxidant activity of carob powder. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2014, vol. 58, no 2, p. 578-586.