No parece buena idea aportar madera de troncos o ramas gruesas al huerto, ni enterrada, ni en superficie [11]. Es diferente con ramas finas y hojas, que tienen un menor ratio C:N y no provocan inmovilización de nitrógeno.
No se debe aportar compost inmaduro a la mayoría de cultivos. Se puede hacer un test de germinación de semillas para comprobar su madurez [12].
Un compostador que se traslade anualmente a diferentes puntos de la huerta, además de generar materia solida, nutrirá el huerto con lixiviados.
No hay problema por compostar madera, ya que al final de la descomposición, el balance de N es positivo, pero durante el proceso, el N no está disponible para las plantas, porque lo usan los microorganismos descomponedores [13]. Para acelerar el proceso es conveniente triturar la madera.
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Dead wood sequesters a large amount not only of C but also of nutrients, but decomposes at a lower rate than fine litter (Harmon & Hua 1991) and has been reported to slowly release N to soil (Hafner & Groff- man 2005). Despite the low rate of decomposition, dead wood can be assumed to persist as C and N long-term storage form which makes it an important contribution to C and N cycles (Laiho & Prescott 1999). The C stock source in dead wood is predominantly derived from lignin compounds (Austin & Ballaré 2010). The lignin in dead wood consists of recalci- trant complex polymers considered as the inhi- bition factor for microorganism to decompose; thus causing the low decay rate and remaining long-term on the forest floor (Vanholme et al. 2010) [1].
If the incorporated organic matter has a low N content (high C:N ratio) such as in straw and wood, insufficient N exists in the substrate for microbial metabolism and microorganisms must use N from the soil (Coyne, 1999; Herrmann, 2003). Absorption of inorganic N, and possibly other nutrients, from soil by microorganisms competes with plants for inorganic N and may result in N deficiency of plants growing in the soil [2].
Some organic materials can have high C:N ratios and still mineralize N (inorgánico, biodisponible para las plantas) because the effective C:N ratio of their tissue is lower as a result of their high lignin content (23%), que reduce la velocidad de descomposición [2].
The hazard of inorganic N immobilization is greater with sawdust compared with wood chips, por su mayor velocidad de descomposición [2].
Wood-based compost derived from pruning woody residues (2/3) and lawn and leaf clipping (1/3) genera buena disponibilidad de nutrientes [7].
Acolchado con restos de madera reduce enfermedades y aumenta cosecha de arándanos [8].
Replacing pine bark compost by acacia compost in the commercial substrate did not negatively affect lettuce germination, seedling emergence, or lettuce growth [9].
Ratio C:N
20:1 Hojas y ramas finas.
200:1 Madera de troncos y ramas gruesas.
Contenido de lignina
33-23% Maderas blandas [4]
29% Quercus robur (tanto hojas, como madera) [4, 5]
28-22% Otros quercus [4]
26% Pinocha [3]
25-16% Maderas duras [4]
23% Pecan wood chips [2]
19% Alnus glutinosa (hojas) [5]
15% Betula pendula (hojas) [5]
Bacterias vs hongos
Cuando los depredadores de bacterias y hongos se alimentan, liberan nutrientes para las plantas, que de otro modo no estarían en formas absorbibles para ellas [6].
Con más presencia de madera, habrá más presencia de hongos y menos bacterias. Esta proporción conviene que sea diferente según la especie e incluso la variedad cultivada. De más a menos dependientes de hongos (para formar micorrizas) [10]:
- Árboles.
- Arbustos.
- Gramíneas (equilibrio en la masa de hongos y bacterias).
- Hortalizas (excepto familias brassicaceae / cruciferae y Chenopodiaceae).
- Familias brassicaceae / cruciferae (berza, brócoli, etc.) y Chenopodiaceae (remolacha, espinaca, Chenopodium album, etc.).
- Plantas pioneras.
Referencias
1. MERIEM, Selis, et al. Carbon and nitrogen stocks in dead wood of tropical lowland forests as dependent on wood decay stages and land-use intensity. Annals of Forest Research, 2016, p. 299-310.
2. TAHBOUB, Mohammed B.; LINDEMANN, William C.; MURRAY, Leigh. Nutrient availability in soil amended with pecan wood chips. HortScience, 2007, vol. 42, no 2, p. 339-343.
3. TAYLOR, Barry R.; PARKINSON, Dennis; PARSONS, William FJ. Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates: a microcosm test. Ecology, 1989, vol. 70, no 1, p. 97-104.
4. LE FLOCH, Alexandra; JOURDES, Michael; TEISSEDRE, Pierre-Louis. Polysaccharides and lignin from oak wood used in cooperage: Composition, interest, assays: A review. Carbohydrate research, 2015, vol. 417, p. 94-102.
5. ZIMMER, Martin. Combined methods for the determination of lignin and cellulose in leaf litter. Sciences of Soils, 1999, vol. 4, p. 14-21.
6. Elaine Ingham. YouTube.
7. PIZZEGHELLO, Diego, et al. Wood-based compost affects soil fertility and the content of available forms of nutrients in vineyard and field-scale agroecosystems. Agronomy, 2021, vol. 11, no 3, p. 518.
8. GUMBREWICZ, Rebecca; CALDERWOOD, Lily. Comparison of wood mulch particle sizes for wild blueberry management in a changing climate. International Journal of Fruit Science, 2022, vol. 22, no 1, p. 551-567.
9. BRITO, Luís Miguel, et al. Use of acacia waste compost as an alternative component for horticultural substrates. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2015, vol. 46, no 14, p. 1814-1826.
10. Elaine Ingham. The Soil Biology Primer.
11. MANCHOLA-ROJAS, Laura, et al. Buried wood effects on macronutrient supply and microbial activity and metabolic potential in different oil sands reclamation soils in northern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 2023, vol. 103, no 1, p. 249-258.
12. GAO, Mengchun, et al. Evaluation of stability and maturity during forced-aeration composting of chicken manure and sawdust at different C/N ratios. Chemosphere, 2010, vol. 78, no 5, p. 614-619.
13. MINNICH, Cynthia, et al. Changes in chemical and microbial soil parameters following 8 years of deadwood decay: an experiment with logs of 13 tree species in 30 forests. Ecosystems, 2021, vol. 24, no 4, p. 955-967.
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